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Copyright © 1999 Roy C. Flannagan and the Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved. This work may be used, with this header included, for noncommercial purposes within a subscribed institution. No copies of this work may be distributed electronically outside of the subscribed institution, in whole or in part, without express written permission from the JHU Press.

A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of Milton's Prose

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations have been adopted from the Index to The Works of John Milton, edited by Frank Allen Patterson et al., (New York: Columbia UP, 1931-38), I: xiii-xvi.

A	Animadversions upon the Remonstrants Defence
AP	An Apology against a Pamphlet
AR	Areopagitica
B	History of Britain
Bd	Digression in the History of Britain
BN	Brief Notes upon a Late Sermon
C	Colasterion
CD	Christian Doctrine
CG	Reason of Church-Government Urg'd against Prelaty
CP	A Treatise of Civil Power
D	The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
1D	First Defence
2D	Second Defence
E	Of Education
H	Considerations Touching the Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings out of the Church
HM	History of Muscovia
K	Eikonoklastes
M	The Judgement of Martin Bucer
O	Observations on the Articles of Peace
P	Of Prelatical Episcopacy
R	Of Reformation
SD	Pro se Defensio
T	Tetrachordon
TE	The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
TR	Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism, Toleration
W	The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth

Rationale

No place affords a more striking conviction of the vanity of human hopes, than a publick library; for who can see the wall crouded on every side by mighty volumes, the works of laborious meditation, and accurate enquiry, now scarcely known but by the catalogue, and preserved only to encrease the pomp of learning, without considering how many hours have been wasted in vain endeavours, how often imagination has anticipated the praises of futurity, now many statues have risen to the eye of vanity, how many ideal converts have elevated zeal, how often wit has exulted in the eternal infamy of his antagonists, and dogmatism has delighted in the gradual advances of his authority, the immutability of his decrees, and the perpetuity of his power?

(Samuel Johnson, The Rambler, number 106, 1751)

Over three centuries of Milton scholarship crowd the catalogues and line the remoter stacks of our public and academic libraries. Though we share some of Johnson's impatience with the pomp of scholarship, with the spurious immortality conferred by a redundant footnote or an exhaustive bibliography, we feel the transience of scholarly pertinence (let alone fame) should be regarded rather differently. Critical methodology and theory and, with them, the focus of critical endeavor mutate in step with the mutations of those larger aspects of cultural ideology to which they relate in complex ways. Much of what scholars and critics do is provisional or transitional, and late twentieth-century Milton criticism, so often suffused with the nurtured skepticisms and uncertainties of our age, perhaps may have much less to say to our successors than the Tory gloom of Johnson's own critical observations has to say to ours.

This bibliographical guide is both personal and purposeful. We offer our own views of those avenues by which our contemporaries may access and advance the study of Milton's prose. We have not aimed at exhaustivity--in part, because Milton is already particularly well served in that respect by other bibliographies (see items 6, 17-24), in part because we see that to run counter to our purpose. Wherever a study, no matter what its obvious importance to the period in which it was published, appears obsolete, we have either said so or tacitly omitted it.

Learning, it is often remarked, progresses through remembering. But it progresses, too, by forgetting. The technology already exists and may well soon be applied to surround each area of humanistic enquiry with electronic databases holding the product of all earlier enquiry within the field. Such richness, unless appropriately filtered and controlled, gluts and [End Page 1] sickens; to change the metaphor to one Milton might have used, so heavy a baggage train would retard any advance.

Our method, then, is to select, to order and to recommend; we neither disguise nor apologize for its subjectivity and its underlying tendency, for it is a reading list for our kinds of reading of Milton, a Milton who is ideologically fractured and flawed, who negotiates uncomfortably and in contradictory fashion his own relationship with a rapidly transshifting cultural and political ascendancy, a Milton whose prose so minutely engages the exigencies of contemporary polemic that its larger theses appear only fragmentarily, a Milton who invokes astonishing stylistic control and controversial skill in morally dubious battle to crush the gilded bug of Joseph Hall, to thrash the impertinence of the refuter of his first divorce tract, and to wield the iconoclast's maul against the pious Eikon of his dead king.

I. Editions

Currently, only two scholarly editions of Milton's complete prose works merit consideration:

1 Milton, John. The Works of John Milton. Ed. Frank Allen Patterson, et al. 18 vols. New York: Columbia UP, 1931-38.

2 Milton, John. Complete Prose Works of John Milton. Ed. Don M. Wolfe, et al. 8 vols. New Haven: Yale UP, 1953-82.

2 is heavily annotated and contains long introductions, primarily focused on the historical context. Its critical reception, however, has been uneven. For a review of some aspects of the controversy which the edition has intermittently occasioned, see

3 Corns, Thomas N. "The Complete Prose Works of John Milton in Retrospect." Prose Studies 7 (1984): 179-86.

Most significantly, 2 prints only translations of Milton's Latin prose, so recourse to the parallel Latin-English text of 1 may be necessary for many purposes. 1 has a superb, two-volume index.

A number of editions designed primarily for pedagogic purposes contain at least samples of much of the prose. Among the more recently current are

4 Milton, John. Milton's Prose Writings. Ed. K. M. Burton. Everyman's Library. London: Dent, 1958.

5 Milton, John. The Prose of John Milton. Ed. J. Max Patrick, et al. New York: New York UP; U of London P, 1968.

6 Milton, John. Selected Prose. Ed. C. A. Patrides. Rev. ed. Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1985.

Most offer no more than a handful of tracts printed in their totality, and selection inevitably mirrors the tastes and priorities of the editors.

AR and E recur, sensibly annotated, in

7 Milton, John. Complete English Poems, Of Education, Areopagitica. Ed. Gordon Campbell. Everyman's Library. London: Dent, 1990.

AR, D, E, TE and W, as well as selections from CD, CG, and 2D are included in

8 Milton, John. John Milton: A Critical Edition of the Major Works. Ed. Stephen Orgel and Jonathan Goldberg. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.

A fairly large selection of the prose is also to be found in

9 Milton, John. Complete Poems and Major Prose. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. New York: Odyssey, 1957.

10 Milton, John. The Riverside Milton. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

Generally, selections produce a rather misleading image of Milton as prose controversialist, foregrounding the more philosophical works and those most attractive to the liberal sensibility (E, AR, TE), at the expense of the more pugnacious tracts, such as C or K: Milton the thinker is more copiously represented than Milton the streetfighter.

Some scholarly investigation is best served by [End Page 2] consideration of the early editions (it is difficult, for example, to construct a sense of the distinctions between the first and second editions of D from 2), and at least a cursory glance at them, stripped of the recontextualizing apparatus of a modern edition, yields a rather different sense of their role and nature. One or two are very rare, though major research libaries usually hold a good range. Fortunately, scholars without easy access to such collections may read most of them on microfilm. George Thomason collected a considerable proportion of the press output of the 1640s and 1650s, among them nearly all of Milton's works, some of which are endorsed by Thomason as gifts from the author. The collection has been made available on microfilm. The following list includes both the shelf marks of the Thomason Collection, now housed in the British Library (though, for reasons of conservation, available to readers only by special request), together with reel numbers of the microfilm edition:

11 The Thomason Tracts, microfilm edition (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, completed 1981).

11.1 R, E.208(3), reel 37
11.2 P, E.164(19), reel 29
11.3 A, E.166(11), reel 29
11.4 CG, E.137(9), reel 24
11.5 D, first edition, E.62(17), reel 11
11.6 D, second edition, E.31(5), reel 6
11.7 E, E.50(12), reel 9
11.8 M, E.4(19), reel 1
11.9 AR, E.18(9), reel 4
11.10 C, E.271(11), reel 45
11.11 T, E.271(12), reel 45
11.12 TE, first edition, E.542(12), reel 84
11.13 TE, second edition, E.593(11), reel 91
11.14 O, E.555 (21), reel 86
11.15 K, E.578(5), reel 89
11.16 1D, first edition, E.1393(1), reel 181
11.17 1D, second edition, E.1900(1), reel 236
11.18 2D, E.1487(3), reel 191
11.19 SD, E.1661(2), reel 208
11.20 H, E.2110(2), reel 241
11.21 W, first edition, E.1016(11), reel 150

Consideration of the tracts which Milton engaged or which, in turn, were directed at his writing may prove rewarding, and most of the more important are included in the Thomason Collection.

As a context for Milton's antiprelatical pamphlets, see

11.22 Hall, Joseph. An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament (London, 1640), E.161(4), reel 36.

11.23 Hall, Joseph. A Short Answer to the Tedious Vindication of Smectymnuus (London, 1641), E.169(2), reel 30.

11.24 Almoni, Peloni. A Compendious Discourse Proving Episcopacy to be of Apostolicall Institution (London, 1641), E.157(13), reel 28.

11.25 Smectymnuus. An Answer to a Book, Entitled, an Humble Remonstrance (London, 1641), E.161(4), reel 28.

11.26 Smectymnuus. A Vindication of the Answer to the Humble Remonstrance (London, 1641), E.169(2), reel 30.

11.27 Anon. A Modest Confutation of a Slanderous and Scurrilous Libell, Entituled, Animadversions (n.p., 1642), E.134(1), reel 24.

On the divorce tracts, see

11.28 Anon. An Answer to a Book, Intituled, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (London, 1644), E.134(1), reel 29.

For the vernacular republican tracts of 1649 and the Latin defences, see:

11.29 Anon. Eikon Alethine (London, 1649), E.569(16), reel 87.

11.30 Saumaise (Salmasius), Claude. Defensio regia pro Carolo I (n.p., 1649), E.1386 and E.1387, reel 180.

11.31 Du Moulin, Pierre. Regii Sanguinis Clamor ad Coelum (The Hague, 1652), E.1396(1), reel 181.

On the pamphlets of 1660, see

11.32 Anon. The Censure of the Rota upon Mr. Milton's Book, Entituled, A Ready and Easie Way (London, 1660), E.1019(5*), reel 151. [End Page 3]

11.33 Griffith, Matthew. The Fear of God and the King (London, 1660), E.1918(1), reel 238.

11.34 L'Estrange, Sir Roger. No Blinde Guides, in Answer to a Seditious Pamphlet of J. Miltons, Intituled Brief Notes (London, 1660), E.187(2), reel 33.

11.35 G. S. [attributed to Gilbert Sheldon]. The Dignity of Kingship Asserted (London, 1660), E.1915(2), reel 237.

Thomason collected numerous other items which either refer to Milton or which engage the issues with which he involved himself. Moreover, as titles came into his possession, he habitually endorsed them with a date of receipt, so one can search out material that came into currency in close contemporaneity with Milton's tracts. The catalogue of the collection is organized, primarily, on chronological principles based on Thomason's datings, though it also has a sound index and a considerable amount of cross-referencing between tracts which are elements within the same controversies:

12 Fortescue, G. K., ed. Catalogue of the Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts Collected by George Thomason, 1640-1661. 2 vols. London: British Museum, 1908.

11.27, 11.28, 11.32, and 11.33 are reproduced in facsimile, with brief but valuable annotation, in

13 Parker, William Riley. Milton's Contemporary Reputation. 1940. New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1971.

The lengthy (and, indeed, verbose) 11.35 has also been issued in a facsimile edition:

14 G. S. The Dignity of Kingship Asserted. Ed. William Riley Parker. New York: Facsimile Text Society, 1942.

Curiously, though it was published in a myriad of editions, Thomason did not collect a copy of the most famous book Milton engaged in his prose, namely the Eikon Basilike, which was published as Charles I's apologia for his own conduct in the 1640s. Original copies are to be found in many libraries. It is available, also, in a modern edition:

15 Charles I (attrib.) Eikon Basilike. Ed. Philip A. Knachel. Folger Documents of Tudor and Stuart Civilization. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1966.

Its complex bibliography has been untangled in

16 Madan, F. F. A New Bibliography of the Eikon Basilike of King Charles the First with a Note on the Authorship. Oxford Bibliographical Society Publica tions ns 3 (1949).

See also John T. Shawcross's copious and richly detailed "A Survey of Milton's Prose Works" (92.11), which brings together a wealth of information about early publishing history and contemporary response and reaction.

II. Bibliographies

Milton has been well served with bibliographies, especially of secondary material. 6 contains 30 pages of bibliography, in a well structured form. Fuller Milton bibliographies are

17 Huckabay, Calvin. John Milton: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929-1968. Rev. ed. Pittsburgh: Duquesne UP, 1969.

18 Patrides, C. A. An Annotated Critical Bibliography of John Milton. Brighton: Harvester; New York: St. Martin's, 1987.

19 Klemp, Paul J. The Essential Milton: An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Major Modern Studies. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1989.

20 Huckabay, Calvin (comp.) and Paul J. Klemp (ed.). John Milton: An Annotated Bibliography, 1968-1988. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne UP, 1996.

For guides to earlier material relating to Milton's writing, see [End Page 4]

21 Shawcross, John T. Milton: A Bibliography for the Years 1624-1700. Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1984.

For material relating to Milton from 1800 to 1928, see

22 Shawcross, John T. "Contributions Toward a Milton Bibliography." Kenyon Review 10 (1990): 45-54.

23 Stevens, David Harrison Reference Guide to a Milton Biography from 1800 to the Present Day. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1930.

24 Fletcher, Harris F. Contributions to a Milton Bibliography: 1800-1930. Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1930.

III. Reference Works

A very valuable concordance to Milton's vernacular prose has been based on the text of 2:

25 Kollmeier, Harold and Laurence Sterne. Concordance to the English Prose of John Milton. Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1985.

Some of the political activists whom Milton mentions or engages or who wrote analogues or responses to his writing are the subject of biographical notes in

26 Greaves, Richard L., and Robert Zaller. Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century. 3 vols. Brighton: Harvester, 1982.

Fuller and sometimes more reliable information is available on most of them in 27, which contains entries on contemporaries from throughout the political spectrum.

27 The Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1885-1900.

Topics related to Milton's prose figure also in

28 Hunter, William B., ed. A Milton Encyclopedia. 9 vols. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell UP, 1978-83.

For a chronology of Milton's life and work, see

29 Campbell, Gordon ed. A Milton Chronology. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

IV. Life-Records, Biographies, and the Immediate Historical Context

Milton has probably attracted more biographical attention than any other canonical English writer, in part because the considerable quantity of material available, in part because of his high political profile, and in part because of the controversial nature of so many aspects of his oeuvre. Perhaps the most abidingly useful biographical exercise is

30 French, J. Milton. The Life Records of John Milton. 5 vols. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1949-58.

French locates a myriad of references to Milton in both published works and archival material. the Life Records is invaluable in attempting to assess the contemporary impact of Milton's writings.

A number of younger contemporaries and others in the generations which followed closely after his death published biographical memoirs, among them two nephews and others who either knew him themselves or else had access to some of his familiars. The early lives by John and Edward Phillips, John Aubrey, Anthony Wood, John Toland, and Jonathan Richardson, well edited and with excellent notes and introduction, appear in

31 Darbishire, Helen, ed. The Early Lives of Milton. London: Constable, 1932.

Numerous biographies of Milton were written in the eighteenth century, often in association with editions of his poetry. Among them, Dr. Johnson's is perhaps the only one which may still stimulate some thought about his prose. Frequently reprinted, the earliest edition is in

32 Johnson, Samuel. Prefaces, Biographical and Critical, to the Works of the English Poets. 10 vols. London, [End Page 5] 1779-81.

On early responses to Milton, see also 92.11.

The fullest biography of Milton and the one which most consistently contextualizes his prose writing is

33 Masson, David. The Life of John Milton. 7 vols. London: Macmillan, 1859-94.

Inevitably, Masson views the political crises from the perspective of mid-nineteenth-century historiography, and considerable new evidence relating to Milton's life and the publishing history of his pamphlets has emerged in the intervening years. Nevertheless, Masson, probably more than any subsequent biographer, recognizes the importance of setting Milton's prose against the week-by-week developments in English political history. Some of the connections he makes between Milton and his contemporaries show an imaginative acuteness. In many approaches to Milton's prose Masson repays attention.

Among more recent biographies, the most important is

34 Parker, William Riley. Milton: A Biography. Ed. Gordon Camphell. 2nd ed. Rev. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.

Interpretatively, Parker rather devalues the prose, viewing the 1640s and 1650s not as decades of achievement but as an unfortunate diversion from Milton's creative destiny. The strength of Parker's biography rests on the wealth and detail of its documentation, which comprises, with the quite usable index, nearly all of the second volume.

A slighter and much less scholarly (but highly readable account) account may be found in

35 Wilson, A. N. The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1983.

All these biographies to a greater or less degree work to contextualise Milton politically. Perhaps the most important book of the relatively recent past to tackle this is

36 Hill, Christopher. Milton and the English Revolution. London: Faber and Faber, 1977.

Hill's thesis about Milton's politics is that his radical and heterodox notions relate more closely than had been appreciated to what he terms the "third-culture" radicalism of some of the extremer sectaries. It is interestingly engaged in

37 Milner, Andrew. John Milton and the English Revolution. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1981.

Milner locates Milton's political thought within Revolutionary Independency and works to differentiate that from the ideology of other, more radical groups such as the Levellers. For a qualifying note on the argument of 36, see also

38 Corns, Thomas N. "Milton's Quest for Respectability." Modern Language Review 77 (1982): 769-79.

Corns argues that Milton's publications of the early 1640s attempt to differentiate him from the stereotypical image of the extremer sectary. Hill has also contextualized some aspects of Milton's writing in

39 Hill, Christopher. The Experience of Defeat: Milton and Some Contemporaries. London: Faber and Faber, 1984.

Two earlier studies which broadly share the same area of investigation as 36-37 are

40 Wolfe, Don M. Milton in the Puritan Revolution. New York: Nelson, 1941.

41 Barker, Arthur E. Milton and the Puritan Dilemma. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1942.

Both are characterized by a humane commitment, though in some ways they have been superseded by [End Page 6] later, somewhat broader, views of Milton's place in the political history of the period; Wolfe remains particularly interesting on Milton's relationship to the Levellers, to Winstanley, and to other figures more radical than himself.

See also

42 Corns, Thomas N. "'Some rousing motions'; the Plurality of Miltonic Ideology." Literature and the English Civil War. Ed. Thomas Healy and Jonathan Sawday. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. 110-26.

In a wide-ranging review of the ways in which Milton has been situated politically Corns argues that an element of ideological indeterminacy obtains, in that the implications of Milton's texts are shaped not only be his beliefs but by the polemical context and by the implications of the genres in which they are inscribed.

For a discussion of Milton's association with the Hartlib circle, see

43 Raylor, Timothy. "New Light on Milton and Hartlib." Milton Quarterly 27 (1993): 19-31.

V. The Larger Historical Context

Most of Milton's prose engages deeply the developing crises of the central decades of the century. While 2 offers introductory material to contextualize the pamphlets, usually in some detail and sometimes, as in the case of Austin Woolrych's account in volume 7 of the events leading up to the Restoration, with authority and precision, nevertheless serious students of the prose will find it necessary to launch out into the troubled waters of Civil War historiography. On aspects of intellectual, religious, and cultural history, see especially

44 Woodhouse, A. S. P. Puritanism and Liberty. London: Dent, 1938.

45 Haller, William. The Rise of Puritanism. New York: Columbia UP, 1938.

46 Haller, William. Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Revolution. New York: Columbia UP, 1955.

47 Hill, Christopher. Puritanism and Revolution. London: Secker and Warburg, 1958.

48 Hill, Christopher. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England. London: Secker and Warburg, 1964.

49 Hill, Christopher. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution. London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1972.

50 Hill, Christopher. A Turbulent, Seditious, and Fac tious People: John Bunyan and His Church. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.

51 Trevor-Roper, H. R. Archbishop Laud, 1573-1645. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1962.

52 Trevor-Roper, H. R. Catholics, Anglicans and Puri tans: Seventeenth Century Essays. London: Secker and Warburg, 1987.

53 Lamont, William. Godly Rule: Politics and Religion, 1603-60. London: Macmillan, 1969.

54 New, John F. H. Anglican and Puritan: The Basis of Their Opposition, 1558-1640. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1964.

55 Bangs, Carl. Arminius: A Study in the Dutch Reformation. Nashville and New York: Abingdon, 1971.

56 Tyacke, Nicholas. "Puritanism, Arminianism and Counter-Reformation." Ed. C. Russell. The Origins of the English Civil War. London and Basingstoke: Mac millan, 1973. 119-43.

57 Tyacke, Nicholas. Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590-1640. Oxford and New York: Clarendon, 1987.

58 Manning, Brian, ed. Politics, Religion and the English Civil War. London: Edward Arnold, 1973. [End Page 7]

59 Bossy, John. The English Catholic Community 1570-1850. New York: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1976.

60 Wallace, Dewey D Jr. Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology 1525-1695. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1982.

61 McGregor, J. F., and B. Reay, ed. Radical Religion in the English Revolution. 1984; New York, Oxford UP, 1986.

62 Carlton, Charles. Archbishop William Laud. London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.

63 Holstun, James. A Rational Millennium: Puritan Utopias of Seventeenth-Century England and America. New York and Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.

64 Smith, Nigel. Perfection Proclaimed: Language and Literature in English Radical Religion, 1640-1660. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.

65 Davies, Julian. The Caroline Captivity of the Church: Charles I and the Remolding of Anglicanism, 1625-1641. Oxford UP, 1992.

66 Morrill, J. S. The Nature of the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1993.

On political, social and economic history, see

67 Gardiner, S. R. History of the Great Civil War. London: Longman, 1889.

68 Gardiner, S. R. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1660. London: Longman, 1901.

69 Gardiner, S. R., ed. The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906.

70 Bagwell, Richard. Ireland under the Stuarts and during the Interregnum. London: Longman, 1909-16.

71 Hill, Christopher. The Century of Revolution, 1603-1714. Edinburgh: Nelson, 1964.

72 Hill, Christopher. God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1970.

73 Bottigheimer, Karl S. English Money and Irish Land: The "Adventurers" in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.

74 Underdown, David E. Pride's Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.

75 Underdown, David E. Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603-1660. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985.

76 Thomas, Keith. "The Puritans and Adultery: The Act of 1650 Reconsidered." Puritans and Revolution aries. Ed. D Pennington et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978. 257-82.

77 Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800. London: Weidenfeld and Nichol son, 1977.

78 Woolrych. Austin. Commonwealth to Protectorate. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982.

79 Hutton, Ronald. The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658-1667. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.

80 Turner, James Grantham. One Flesh: Paradisal Marriage and Sexual Relations in the Age of Milton. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.

81 Sharpe, Kevin. The Personal Rule of Charles I. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.

82 Smith, Nigel. Literature and Revolution in England, 1640-1660. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994.

83 Merritt, J. F., ed. The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. [End Page 8]

84 Norbrook, David. Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric, and Politics, 1627-1660 (forth coming).

On publishing history, press control and the history of propaganda, see

85 Lamont, William, and Sybil Oldfield. Politics, Re ligion and Literature in the Seventeenth Century. Lon don and Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975.

86 Corns, T. N., J. A. Downie, and W. A. Speck. "Archetypal Mystification: Polemic and Reality in English Political Literature, 1640-1750." Eighteenth-Century Life 7 (1982): 1-27.

87 Corns, Thomas N. "Publication and Politics 1640-1661: An SPSS-based Account of the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts." Literary and Linguistic Computing 1 (1986): 74-84.

88 Patterson, Annabel M. Censorship and Interpretation: The Conditions of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1984.

VI. General Accounts of Milton's Prose

There is only one single-author book-length study giving a general account of Milton's prose:

89 Corns, Thomas N. John Milton: The Prose Works. New York: Twayne, 1998.

In addition, two recent books devote several chapters to the prose:

90 Achinstein, Sharon. Milton and the Revolutionary Reader. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1994.

91 Cable, Lana. Carnal Rhetoric: Milton's Iconoclasm and the Poetics of Desire. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1995.

Achinstein cogently contextualizes Milton's prose, as well as Paradise Lost, within the pamphlet debates of his time. Cable focuses on the language of Milton's iconoclasm in the antiprelatical tracts, AR, D, and K, while devoting a chapter to Samson Agonistes.

In addition, four very important collections of original essays by several hands have been published:

92 Lieb, Michael, and John T. Shawcross, ed. Achievements of the Left Hand: Essays on the Prose of John Milton. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1974.

Contents:

92.1 Wittreich, Joseph Anthony, Jr. "'The Crown of Eloquence": The Figure of the Orator in Milton's Prose Works," pp. 3-54.

92.2 Lieb, Michael. "Milton's Of Reformation and the Dynamics of Controversy," pp. 55-82.

92.3 Huntley, John F. "The Images of Poet and Poetry in Milton's The Reason of Church-Government," pp. 83-120.

92.4. Le Comte, Edward S. "Areopagitica as a Scenario for Paradise Lost," pp. 121-41.

92.5 Shawcross, John T. "The Higher Wisdom of The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates," pp. 142 59.

92.6 Sadler, Florence. "Icon and Iconoclast," pp. 160-84.

92.7 Woolrych, Austin. "Milton and Cromwell: 'A Short But Scandalous Night of Interruption'?," pp. 185-218.

92.8 Smallenburg, Harry. "Government of the Spirit: Style, Structure and Theme in Treatise of Civil Power," pp. 219-38.

92.9 Ong, S. J., Walter J. "Logic and the Epic Muse: Reflections on Noetic Structures in Milton's Milieu," pp. 239-68.

92.10 Hunter, William B., Jr. "The Theological Context of Milton's Christian Doctrine," pp. 269-90.

92.11 Shawcross, John T. Appendix, "A Survey of Milton's Prose Works," pp. 291-390.

The second important collection is

93 Loewenstein, David, and James Grantham Turner, ed. Politics, Poetics, and Hermeneutics in Milton's Prose. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. [End Page 9]

Contents:

93.1 Loewenstein, David, and James Grantham Turner. "Introduction: 'Labouring in the Word,'" pp. 1-8.

93.2 Mueller, Janel. "Embodying Glory: the Apocalyptic Strain in Milton's Of Reform ation," pp. 9-40.

93.3 Fish, Stanley. "Wanting a Supplement: the Question of Interpretation in Milton's Early Prose," pp. 41-68.

93.4 Fallon, Stephen M. "The Metaphysics of Milton's Divorce Tracts," pp. 69-84.

93.5 Patterson, Annabel. "No Mere Amatorious Novel?," pp. 85-102.

93.6 Smith, Nigel., "Areopagitica: Voicing Contexts, 1643-45," pp. 103-22.

93.7 Corns, Thomas N. "Milton's Observations upon the Articles of Peace: Ireland under English Eyes," pp. 123-34.

93.8 Cable, Lana. "Milton's Iconoclastic Truth," pp. 135-52.

93.9 Knott, John R., Jr. "'Suffering for Truths Sake": Milton and Martyrdom," pp. 153-70.

93.10 Loewenstein, David. "Milton and the Poetics of Defense," pp. 171-92.

93.11 Woods, Susanne. "Elective Poetics and Milton's Prose: A Treatise of Civil Power and Considerations Touching the Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings Out of the Church," pp. 193-212.

93.12 Knoppers, Laura Lungers. "Milton's The Readie and Easie Way and the English Jeremiad," pp. 213-26.

93.13 Schwartz, Regina M. "Citation, Authority, and De Doctrina Christiana," pp. 227-40.

93.14 Hamilton,Gary D. "The History of Britain and Its Restoration Audience," pp. 241-56.

93.15 Turner, James Grantham. "The Poetics of Engagement," pp. 257-75.

A recent collection focuses on Milton's politics

94 Armitage, David, Armand Hiny, and Quentin Skinner ed. Milton and Republicanism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Contents:

94.1 Dzelzainis, Martin. "Milton's Classical Republicanism," pp. 3-24.

94.2 Corns, Thomas N. "Milton and the Characteristics of a Free Commonwealth," pp. 25-42.

94.3 Brown, Cedric C. "Great Senates and Godly Education: Politics and Cultural Renewal in Some Pre- and Post-Revolutionary Texts of Milton," pp. 43-60.

94.4 Tuttle, Elizabeth. "Biblical References in the Political Pamphlets of the Levellers and Milton, 1638-1654," pp. 63-81.

94.5 Kahn, Victoria. "The Metaphorical Contract in Milton's Tenure of Kings and Magistrates," pp. 82-105.

94.6 Lejosne, Roger. " Milton, Satan, Salmasius and Abdiel," pp. 106-17.

94.7 Hiny, Armand. "Paradise Lost as a Republican 'Tractus-Theologico-Politicus,'" pp. 118-34.

94.8 Smith, Nigel. "Popular Republicanism in the 1650s: John Streater's 'Heroick Mechanics,'" pp. 137-55.

94.9 Worden, Blair. "Milton and Marchamont Nedham," pp. 156-80.

94.10 Dzelzainis, Martin. "Milton and the Protectorate in 1658," pp. 181-205.

94.11 Armitage, David. "John Milton: Poet Against Empire," pp. 206-26.

94.12 Von Maltzahn, Nicholas. "The Whig Milton, 1667-1700," pp. 229-53.

94.13 Davies, Tony. "Borrowed Language: Milton, Jefferson, Mirabeau," pp. 254-69.

For a collection of essays that examine Milton's religious beliefs, see

95 Dobranski, Stephen B. and John P. Rumrich, ed. Milton and Heresy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Contents:

95.1 Dobranski, Stephen B., and John P. Rumrich. "Introduction: Heretical Milton," pp. 1-17.

95.2 Mueller, Janel. "Milton on Heresy," pp. 21-38.

95.3 Corns, Thomas N. "Milton's Antiprelatical Tracts and the Marginality of Doctrine," pp. 39-48.

95.4 Lewalski, Barbara K. "How Radical was the Young Milton?" pp. 49-72. [End Page 10]

95.5 Rumrich, John P. "Milton's Arianism: Why it Matters," pp. 75-92.

95.6 Fallon, Stephen M. "'Elect Above the Rest': Theology as Self-Representation in Milton," pp. 93-116.

95.7 Kerrigan, William. "Milton's Kisses," pp. 11735.

95.8 Dobranski, Stephen B. "Licensing Milton's Heresy," pp. 139-58.

95.9 Hale, John K. "Milton and the Rationale of Insulting," pp. 159-75.

95.10 Loewenstein, David. "Treason Against God and State: Blasphemy in Milton's Culture and Paradise Lost," pp. 176-98.

95.11 Sauer, Elizabeth. "The Politics of Performance in the Inner Theater: Samson Agonistes as Closet Drama," pp. 199-215.

95.12 Bennett, Joan S. "Asserting Eternal Providence: John Milton Through the Window of Liberation Theology," pp. 217-43.

95.13 Wittreich, Joseph. "Milton's Transgressive Maneuvers: Receptions (Then and Now) and the Sexual Politics of Paradise Lost," pp. 244-66.

For an accessible pedagogic introduction, see

96 Corns, Thomas N. "Milton's Prose." Ed. Dennis Danielson. The Cambridge Companion to Milton. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. 183-96.

VII. Style, Rhetoric, Imagery, Punctuation

Milton's prose style received a flawed but still partially useful linguistic and quantitative analysis in

97 Emma, Ronald David. Milton's Grammar. The Hague: Mouton, 1964.

Emma's account, which also considers the poetry, uses a small and poorly constructed control, selecting texts for comparison with Milton which are neither contemporary nor situationally analogous; often we have no sense of whether the traits which he identifies as characteristic differentiate Milton or merely differentiate seventeenth-century discursive prose from other kinds of writing at other periods, though some of his observations on small-scale linguistic features, such as aspects of accidence, do still carry some conviction.

Many of the questions which Emma addressed are reconsidered in

98 Corns, Thomas N. The Development of Milton's Prose Style. Oxford: Clarendon , 1982.

This study, which closely compares Milton's practice with that of contemporary pamphleteers, also considers the structure and incidence of imagery in Milton's prose.

Challenging questions about the relationship between the expository techniques of Milton and more radical writers receive attention in

99 Stavely, Keith W. The Politics of Milton's Prose Style. New Haven: Yale UP, 1975.

For an account of larger rhetorical structures, see also

100 Egan, James. The Inward Teacher: Milton's Rhetoric of Christian Liberty. University Park, PA.: Seventeenth-Century News, 1980.

Several aspects of Milton's stylistic and linguistic predilections have received attention. On aspects of sentence structure, see

101 Hamilton, K. G. "The Structure of Milton's Prose." Ed. Ronald David Emma, et al. Language and Style in Milton. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1967. 304-32.

On aspects of lexis, including the use of loanwords, genre distinction and the incidence of registral abnormality, see

102 Neumann, Joshua H. "Milton's Prose Vocabulary." PMLA 60 (1945): 102-20.

103 Ekfelt, Fred Emil. "The Graphic Diction in Milton's English Prose." Philological Quarterly 25 (1946): 46-69. [End Page 11]

104 Ekfelt, Fred Emil. "Latinate Diction in Milton's English Prose." Philological Quarterly 28 (1949): 53-71.

105 Davies, Hugh Sykes. "Milton and the Vocabulary of Verse and Prose." Ed. George Watson. Literary English Since Shakespeare. New York: Oxford UP, 1970. 175-93.

106 Corns, Thomas N. "Obscenity, Slang and Indecorum in Milton's English Prose." Prose Studies 3 (1980): 5-14.

For an assessment of the polemical implications of iterative imagery in the controversial prose of Milton and his contemporaries, see

107 Corns, Thomas N. "Imagery in Civil War Polemic: Milton, Overton and the Eikon Basilike." Milton Quarterly 14 (1980): 1-6.

The best account of Milton's punctuation practice in the context of changing contemporary norms is

108 Treip, Mindele. Milton's Punctuation and Changing English Usage, 1582-1676. London: Me thuen, 1970.

But Treip's account, though a valuable introduction to contemporary punctuation conventions, does not directly treat his prose, for which see

109 Corns, Thomas N. "Punctuation in Milton's Vernacular Prose." Notes and Queries ns 25 (1978): 18-19.

VIII. The Antiprelatical Pamphlets

The antiprelatical pamphlets (R, P, CG, C, AP) were the subject of some singularly acute studies in the 1960s and 1970s

110 Kranidas, Thomas. "'Decorum' and the Style of Milton's Antiprelatical Tracts." Studies in Philology 62 (1965): 176-87. Rpt. in Seventeenth Century Prose: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Stanley Fish. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. 475-88.

111 Kranidas, Thomas. "Milton and the Rhetoric of Zeal." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 6 (1965): 423-32.

and in important sections of:

112 Webber, Joan. The Eloquent "I": Style and Self in Seventeenth-Century Prose. Madison and London: U of Wisconsin P, 1968.

113 Fish, Stanley E. Self-Consuming Artifacts: The Experience of Seventeenth-Century Literature. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: U of California P, 1972.

There has latterly been a strong critical response to these tracts. See especially 92.2, 92.3, 93.2, 93.3, 95.3 and

114 Kranidas, Thomas. "Milton's Of Reformation: the Politics of Vision." ELH 49 (1982): 497-513.

115 Kranidas, Thomas. "Words, Words, Words, and the Word: Milton's Of Prelaticall Episcopacy." Milton Studies 16 (1982): 153-66.

116 Kranidas, Thomas. "Style and Rectitude in Seventeenth-Century Prose: Hall, Smectymnuus, and Milton." Huntington Library Quarterly 46 (1983): 237-69.

117 Corns, Thomas N. "The Freedom of Reader-Response: Milton's Of Reformation and Lilburne's The Christian Mans Triall." Freedom and the English Revolution: Essays in History and Literature. Ed. R. C. Richardson and G. M. Ridden. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1986. 93-110.

On the millenarian aspect of Milton's early prose, see 155 and

118 Fixler, Michael. Milton and the Kingdoms of God. Evanston, IL: Northwestern UP, 1964.

On Milton's place in the tradition of aggressive wit in polemical prose, see [End Page 12]

119 Egan, James. "Milton and the Marprelate Tradition." Milton Studies 8 (1975): 103-21.

120 Anselment, Raymond A. "Betwixt Jest and Earnest": Marprelate, Milton, Marvell, Swift & the Decorum of Religious Ridicule. Toronto, Buffalo, and London: U of Toronto P, 1979; particularly, pp. 61-93.

Other studies, less frequently cited in recent discussion, include

121 Rosenberg, Donald M. "Parody of Style in Milton's Polemics." Milton Studies 2 (1970): 113-18.

122 Rosenberg, Donald M. "Style and Meaning in Milton's Anti-Episcopal Tracts." Criticism 15 (1973): 43-57.

123 Via, John A. "Milton's Antiprelatical Tracts: The Poet Speaks in Prose." Milton Studies 5 (1973): 87-127.

124 Auksi, Peter. "Milton's 'Sancrifi'd Bitternesse': Polemical Technique in the Early Prose." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 19 (1977): 363-81.

125 McCabe, Richard. "The Form and Methods of Milton's Animadversions upon the Remonstrants De fence Against Smectymnuus." English Language Notes 18 (1981): 266-72.

IX. The Divorce Tracts, Areopagitica, and Of Education

Milton's gender politics have move to the center of many critical discussions in recent times, and his divorce tracts, and the attitudes and values inscribed within them, have assumed a reinvigorated significance. See especially 80, 93.4, 93.5, and

126 Cable, Lana "Coupling Logic and Milton's Doctrine of Divorce." Milton Studies 15 (1981): 143-59.

127 Nyquist, Mary. "The Genesis of Gendered Subjectivity in the Divorce Tracts and in Paradise Lost." Re-membering Milton: Essays on the Texts and Tra ditions. Ed. Mary Nyquist and Margaret W. Ferguson. New York and London: Methuen, 1988. 99-127.

128 Hodgson, Elizabeth. "When God Proposes: Theology and Gender in Tetrachordon." Milton Studies 31 (1994): 133-54.

129 Sanchez, Reuben M. " 'The Middling Temper of Nourishment': Biblical Exegesis and the Art of Indeterminate Balance in Tetrachordon." Milton Quarterly 29 (1995): 1-12.

For other accounts see

130 Barker, Arthur. "Christian Liberty in Milton's Divorce Pamphlets." Modern Language Review 35 (1940): 153-61.

131 Halkett, John. Milton and the Idea of Matrimony: A Study of the Divorce Tracts and Paradise Lost. New Haven: Yale UP, 1970.

132 Miller, Leo. John Milton among the Polygamophiles. New York: Loewenthal, 1974.

133 Le Comte, Edward. Milton and Sex. London: Mac millan, 1978.

134 Perlette, John M. "Milton, Ascham, and the Rhetoric of the Divorce Controversy." Milton Studies 10 (1977): 195-215.

AR remains the most popular of Milton's tracts both in terms of undergraduate study and research interest; it is also his most frequently translated. Much of its popularity is no doubt explicable in terms both of the elevation of its expression and the apparent liberalism of the sentiment thus expressed. Sententiae from it adorn the walls of public libraries and the endpapers of popular editions of literary classics; the whole text is inscribed as a frieze around Hart House Great Hall of the University of Toronto. Yet the question of how Milton defines and restricts freedom of expression--and the related questions of just how radical a pamphlet AR really is and of its place in the larger radical tradition-- have prompted some of the best critical responses. AR figures largely [End Page 13] in many of the general accounts listed in section IV. Important discussions include 92.4, 93.6, and

135 Illo, John. "The Misreading of Milton's Areo pagitica." Radical Perspectives in the Arts. Ed. Lee Bax endall. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1972. 178-92.

136 Illo, John. "Areopagitica's Mythic and Real." Prose Studies 11 (1988): 3-23.

137 Wittreich, Joseph Anthony, Jr. "Milton's Areo pagitica: Its Isocratic and Ironic Contexts." Milton Studies 4 (1972): 101-15.

138 Aers, David, and Gunther Kress. "Historical Process, Individual and Communities in Milton's Early Prose." 1642: Literature and Power in the Seventeenth Century. Ed. Francis Barker et al. Colchester: Essex Sociology of Literature Conference, 1981. 283-300.

139 Smallenburg, Harry R. "Contiguities and Moving Limbs: Style as Argument in Areopagitica." Milton Studies 9 (1976): 169-84.

140 Kendrick, Christopher. "Ethics and the Orator in Areopagitica." ELH 50 (1983): 655-91; rpt. in Milton: A Study in Ideology and Form. New York: Methuen, 1986. 19-51.

141 Kranidas, Thomas. "Polarity and Structure in Milton's Areopagitica." English Literary Renaissance 14 (1984): 234-54.

142 Wilding, Michael. "Milton's Areopagitica: Liberty for the Sects." Prose Studies 9 (1986): 7-38; rpt. in The Literature of Controversy: Polemical Strategy from Milton to Junius. Ed. Thomas N. Corns. London: Cass, 1987. 7-38.

143 Blum, Abbé. "The Author's Authority: Areo pagitica and the Labour of Licensing." Re-membering Milton: Essays on the Texts and Traditions. Ed. Mary Nyquist and Margaret W. Ferguson. New York and London: Methuen, 1988. 74-96.

144 Fish, Stanley. "Driving from the Letter: Truth and Indeterminacy in Milton's Areopagitica." Re-mem bering Milton: Essays on the Texts and Traditions. Ed. Mary Nyquist and Margaret W. Ferguson. New York and London: Methuen, 1988. 234-54.

145 Barker, Francis. "Areopagitica: Subjectivity and the Moment of Censorship." In John Milton. Ed. Annabel Patterson. London and New York: Longman, 1992. 65-73.

146 Kolbrener, William. "'Plainly Partial': The Liberal Areopagitica." ELH 60 (1993): 57-78.

147 Sherman, Sandra. "Printing the Mind: the Economics of Authorship in Areopagitica."" ELH 60 (1993): 323-47.

For interesting responses to the imagery, see

148 Price, Alan F. "Incidental Imagery in Areo pagitica." Modern Philology 49 (1952): 217-22.

149 Evans, John X. "Imagery as Argument in Milton's Areopagitica." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 8 (1966): 189-215.

150 Camé, J.-F. "Images in Milton's Areopagitica." Cahiers Elisabethains 6 (1974): 23-37.

E continues to interest editors rather more than it stimulates a scholarly response. Neither 92 nor 93 contains a consideration of it, though several essays consider it in passing. On the context of Renaissance educational practice, see

151 Clark, Donald L. John Milton at St. Paul's School: A Study of Ancient Rhetoric in English Renaissance Education. New York: Columbia UP, 1948.

152 Fletcher, Harris Francis. The Intellectual Development of John Milton. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1956. [End Page 14]

X. The Tracts of 1649

Although TE, O and K have stimulated fewer critical responses than they merit and many aspects remain unexplored, some readings have been particularly acute. Latterly, the concept of iconoclasm has proved a useful fulcrum on which to turn accounts of K. On the background to the notion, see

153 Phillips, John. The Reformation of Images: Destruction of Art in England, 1535-1660. Berkeley: U of California P, 1973.

For iconoclasm as a pervasive Miltonic motif and its place in this tradition see the astute

154 Gilman, Ernest B. Iconoclasm and Poetry in the English Reformation: Down Went Dagon. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1986.

For discussions of K from this perspective, see 90, 91, 92.6, 93.8, and fine account in

155 Loewenstein, David. Milton and the Drama of History: Historical Vision, Iconoclasm, and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.

For a well-illustrated and intelligent discussion of the imaging of King Charles the Martyr, see

156 Strong, Roy. Van Dyck: Charles I on Horseback. London: Allen Lane, 1972.

A collection of essays on representations of King Charles is forthcoming,

157 Corns, Thomas N. ed. The Royal Image: Represen tations of Charles I. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

The topic is also considered in 85. The most stimulating account of Milton's relationship with Eikon Basilike is:

158 Helgerson, Richard. "Milton Reads the King's Book: Print, Performance, and the Making of a Bourgeois Idol." Criticism 29 (1987): 1-25.

See, also

159 O'Keeffe, Timothy J. "The Imaginal Strategy of John Milton's Eikonoklastes." Ball State University Forum 11 (1971): 227-45.

160 Bennett, Joan S. "God, Satan, and King Charles: Milton's Royal Portraits." PMLA 92 (1977): 441-57.

161 Guibbory, Achsah. "Charles's Prayers, Idolatrous Images, and True Creation in Milton's Eikonoklastes." Of Poetry and Politics: New Essays on Milton and His World.. Ed. Paul Stanwood. Binghamton, NY: Medi eval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1995. 283-94.

162 Hiles, Jane. "Milton's Royalist Reflex: the Failure of Argument and the Role of Dialogics in Eikono klastes." Spokesperson Milton: Voices in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Charles W. Durham and Kristin Pruitt McColgan. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna UP, 1994. 87-100.

The relationship between the image of kingship produced in Eikonoklastes and in the poetry is con sidered in

163 Davies, Stevie. Images of Kingship in Paradise Lost. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1983.

Many aspects of Tenure of Kings and Magistrates invite fresh enquiry, particularly concerning its place in the contemporaneously burgeoning domain of political science, though 2 is useful. 92.5 is disappointingly ahistorical. 155 has some shrewd comments.

Hardly anyone has looked critically at O, in part no doubt because of the style--much of it is the reproduction, as a prelude to refutation or comment, of dry and drossy stuff by Milton's enemies, and Milton's own parts are among the least flamboyant of his prose; perhaps, too, Miltonists have been a little embarrassed by this tract, in a sense written for hire and in justification of an aggressive Irish policy that lead to the massacres of Wexford and Drogheda and the seizure of land and displacement of indigenous population. 2 has some astute historical observations. [End Page 15] The only two article-length engagements are 93.7, and,

164 Daems, Jim. "Dividing Conjunctions: Milton's Observations upon the Articles of Peace." Milton Quar terly (forthcoming).

Two articles which deal with Milton's relationship to Spenser's Irish writings are

165 Maley, Willy. "How Milton and Some Contemporaries Read Spenser's View.". Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Ed. Brendan Bradshaw, Andrew Hadfield, and Willy Maley. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 191-208; slightly rev. and rpt. in Willy Maley, Sal vaging Spenser: Colonialism, Culture and Identity. Basingstoke, Eng.: Macmillan, 1997.

166 Stevens, Paul. "Spenser and Milton on Ireland: Civility, Exclusion, and the Politics of Wisdom." Ariel: A Review of International English Literature 26 (1995): 151-67.

On the larger Irish historical context, see

167 Coughlan, Patricia. "'Cheap and Common Animals': the English Anatomy of Ireland in the Seventeenth Century." Literature and the English Civil War. Ed. Thomas Healy and Jonathan Sawday. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. 205-23.

168 Carlin, Norah. "Extreme or Mainstream?: The English Independents and the Cromwellian Reconquest of Ireland." Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Ed. Brendan Bradshaw, Andrew Hadfield, and Willy Maley. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 209-26.

169 Ohlmeyer, Jane H. ed. Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641-1660. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.

XI. The Tracts of 1659-1660 and Of True Religion

A number of strong accounts cover well Milton's publications and the manuscript prose dating from the period just before the Restoration. 2's account, especially Woolrych's historical introduction, is masterful. For a purposeful and convincing overview still well worth consideration see:

170 Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. "Milton: Political Beliefs and Polemical Methods, 1659-60." PMLA 74 (1959): 191-202.

See also

171 Egan, James. "Public Truth and Personal Witness in Milton's Last Tracts." ELH 20 (1973): 231-48.

On CP see 92.8; on H, see

172 Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. "Milton on Learning and the Learned-Ministry Controversy." Huntington Library Quarterly 24 (1961): 267-81.

On CP and H, see 93.11.

W and the relationships between its two editions have stimulated some good work. On Milton in the crisis of the Republic, see 92.7 and

173 Ayers, Robert W. "The Editions of Readie & Easie Way." Review of English Studies 25 (1974): 280-91.

174 Stewart, Stanley. "Milton Revises The Readie and Easie Way." Milton Studies 20 (1984): 205-24.

Two recent accounts view W, cogently, as lamen tation and excoriation, as a jeremiad for the lost republic: 93.12 and 63.

On the little regarded TR, see

175 Henry, Nathaniel H. "Milton's Last Pamphlet: Theocracy and Intolerance." A Tribute to George Coffin Taylor. Ed. Arnold Williams. [Chapel Hill]: U of North Carolina P, 1952. 197-222.

176 Sanchez, Reuben Marquez, Jr. "'The Worst of Superstitions': Milton's Of True Religion and the Issue of Religious Tolerance." Prose Studies 9 (1986): 21-38. [End Page 16]

XII. The Histories

On the B see 155, 93.14, and

177 Le Comte, Edward. "Milton's Attitude toward Women in the History of Britain." PMLA 63 (1947): 977-83.

For a book length study of B, see

178 Von Maltzahn, Nicholas. Milton's History of Britain: Republican Historiography in the English Re volution. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.

On the Bd, see

179 Woolrych, Austin. "The Date of the Digression in Milton's History of Britain." Ed. Richard Ollard and Pamela Tudor-Craig. For Veronica Wedgwood These: Studies in Seventeenth-Century History. London: Collins, 1986. 217-46.

On HM, see

180 Berry, Lloyd E. "Giles Fletcher the Elder and Milton's A Brief History of Moscovia." Review of Eng lish Studies 11 (1960): 150-56.

181 Gleason, John B. "The Nature of Milton's Moscovia." Studies in Philology 61 (1964): 469-79.

On larger aspects of Milton's work as historian and of his place in the broad tradition of western and British historiography, see

182 Fogle, French R. "Milton as Historian.". Milton and Clarendon. Ed. Fogle and Hugh Trevor Roper. Los Angeles: U of California P, 1965. 1-20.

183 Skinner, Quentin. "History and Ideology in the English Revolution." Historical Journal 8 (1965): 151-78.

184 Samuel, Irene. "Milton and the Ancients on the Writing of History." Milton Studies 2 (1970): 131-48.

185 Guibbory, Achsah. The Map of Time: Seventeenth-Century English Literature and Ideas of Pattern in History. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1986.

186 Miner, Earl. "Milton and the Histories." Politics of Discourse: The Literature and History of Seventeenth-Century England Ed. Kevin Sharpe and Stephen N. Zwicker. Berkeley: U of California P, 1987. 181-203.

XIII. State Papers and the Latin Defences

The best accounts of Milton's work as a public servant of the English Republic are

187 Miller, Leo. John Milton & The Oldenburg Safeguard: New Light on Milton and His Friends in the Commonwealth from the Diaries and Letters of Hermann Mylius, Agonist in the Early History of Modern Diplomacy. New York: Loewenthal Press, 1985.

This discloses from archival material that had not been available previously the view of Milton developed by a German diplomat who worked with him in the preparation of a "safeguard" or treaty between Oldenburg and the English Republic; incidentally, it richly contextualizes Milton's work as civil servant and illuminates some aspects of his Latinity and its relationship to the norms of seventeenth-century civil-service practice. It is a much more useful book than its eccentric title suggests.

See also

188 Fallon, Robert T. Milton in Government. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993.

On the Latin Defences see 93.10, 155, and

189 Grace, William J. "Milton, Salmasius, and the Natural Law." Journal of the History of Ideas 24 (1963): 323-36.

190 Hoffman, Richard L. "The Rhetorical Structure of Milton's Second Defence." Studia Neuphilologica 43 (1971): 227-45. [End Page 17]

191 Bowers, Robin A. "Milton and Salmasius: The Rhetorical Imperatives." Philological Quarterly 52 (1973): 55-68.

192 Lieb, Michael. Milton and the Culture of Violence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1994.

Lieb devotes the final section of his book to the pamphlet war, the international "theatre of assault," that Milton entered into by writing the Latin Defences.

There are some astute comments in

193 Helgerson, Richard. Self-Crowned Laureates: Spenser, Jonson, Milton, and the Literary System. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U of California P, 1983.

XIV. De Doctrina Christiana

For an invaluable guide to Milton's references to scripture, see

194 Bauman, Michael. A Scripture Index to John Milton's De Doctrina Christiana. Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1989.

Most other studies of the text are deeply controversial, and relate both to discussion of the state of completion in which we find the manuscript and a larger and sometimes quite acrimonious debate about some aspects of Milton's theology, most significantly his notions about the status, nature and role of the Son within the Trinity and on the relationship between the theology of Milton's treatise and his epics.

See, especially, 93.10, and

195 Kelley, Maurice. "Milton and the Third Person of the Trinity." Studies in Philology 32 (1935): 221-34.

196 Kelley, Maurice. This Great Argument. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1941.

197 Kelley, Maurice. "Milton's Arianism Again Considered." Harvard Theological Review 54 (1961): 195-205.

198 Kelley, Maurice. "Milton and the Trinity." Huntington Library Quarterly 33 (1970): 315-20.

199 Kelley, Maurice. "On the State of Milton's De Doctrina Christiana." English Language Notes 27 (1989): 43-48.

200 Stapleton, Laurence. "Milton's Conception of Time in The Christian Doctrine." Harvard Theological Review 57 (1964): 9-21.

201 Patrides, C. A. Milton and the Christian Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.

202 Patrides, C. A. "An Open Letter on the Yale Edition of De Doctrina Christiana." Milton Quarterly 7 (1973): 72-74.

203 Patrides, C. A. "Milton and the Arian Controversy: Or, Some Reflexions on Contextual Setting and the Experience of Deuteroscopy." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 120 (1976): 245-52.

204 Hunter, W. B., C. A. Patrides, and J. H. Adamson. Bright Essence: Studies in Milton's Theology. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1971.

205 Campbell, Gordon. "De Doctrina Christiana: Its Structural Principles and Unfinished State." Milton Studies 9 (1976): 243-60.

206 Campbell, Gordon. "The Son of God in De Doctrina Christiana and Paradise Lost." Modern Language Review 75 (1980): 507-14.

207 Danielson, Dennis. Milton's Good God: A Study in Literary Theodicy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982.

208 Shullenberger, William. "Linguistic and Poetical Theory in Milton's De Doctrina Christiana." English Language Notes 19 (1982): 262-78. [End Page 18]

209 Bauman, Michael. "Creation and the Son's Alleged Omnipresence." Milton Quarterly 19 (1985): 110-12.

210 Bauman, Michael. "Milton's Theological Vocabulary and the Nicene Anathemas." Milton Studies 21 (1985): 71-92.

211 Bauman, Michael. "Milton, Subordinationism, and the Two-Stage Logos." Westminster Theological Journal 48 (1986): 173-82.

212 Bauman, Michael. Milton's Arianism. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, and New York: Verlag Peter Lang, 1987.

In recent years, an interesting debate has centered upon the attribution of CD. See especially

213 Hunter, William B, Barbara Lewalski, and John T. Shawcross. "Forum: The Provenance of the Christ ian Doctrine." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 32 (1992): 129-66.

214 Hunter, William B. "The Provenance of the Christian Doctrine: Addenda from the Bishop of Sa lisbury." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 33 (1993): 191-207.

215 Kelley, Maurice. "The Provenance of John Milton's Christian Doctrine: A Reply to William B. Hunter." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 34 (1994): 153-63.

216 Hill, Christopher. "Professor William B. Hunter, Bishop Burgess, and John Milton." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 34 (1994): 165-88.

217 Hunter, William B. "Animadversions Upon the Remonstrants' Defences Against Burgess and Hunter." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 34 (1994): 195-203.

218 Campbell, Gordon, Thomas N. Corns, John K. Hale, David Holmes, and Fiona Tweedie. "Final Report on the Provenance of De Doctrina Christiana." Milton Quarterly 31 (1997): 67-117.

219 Hunter, William B. Visitation Unimplored: Milton and the Authorship of De Doctrina Christiana. Pitts burgh: Duguesne UP, 1998.

220 Tweedie, Fiona J, David I. Holmes, and Thomas N. Corns. "The Provenance of De Doctrina Christi ana, Attributed to John Milton: A Statistical Investi gation." Literary and Linguistic Computing 13 (1998): 77-87.

221 Lewalski, Barbara K. "Milton and De Doctrina Christiana: Evidences of Authorship." Milton Studies. 203-28 (forthcoming).

Index

Achinstein, Sharon 90
Adamson, J. H. 204
Aers, David 138
Almoni, Peloni 11.24
Anselment, Raymond A. 120
Armitage, David 94, 94.11
Auksi, Peter 124
Ayers, Robert W. 173
Bagwell, Richard 70
Bangs, Carl 55
Barker, Arthur E. 41, 130
Barker, Francis 138, 145
Bauman, Michael 194, 209, 210, 211, 212
Baxendall, Lee 135
Bennett, Joan S. 95.12, 160
Berry, Lloyd E. 180
Blum, Abbe 143
Bossy, John 59
Bottigheimer, Karl S. 73
Bowers, Robin A. 191
Bradshaw, Brendan 165, 168
Brown, Cedric C. 94.3
Burton, K. M. 4
Cable, Lana 91, 93.8, 126
Came, J.-F. 150
Campbell, Gordon 7, 29, 34, 205, 206, 218
Carlin, Norah 168
Carlton, Charles 62
Charles I 15
Clark, Donald L. 151 [End Page 19]
Corns, Thomas N. 3, 38, 42, 86, 87, 89, 93.7, 94.2, 95.3, 96, 98, 106, 107, 109, 117, 142, 157, 218, 220
Coughlan, Patricia 167
Daems, Jim 164
Danielson, Dennis 96, 207
Darbishire, Helen 31
Davies, Hugh Sykes 105
Davies, Julian 65
Davies, Stevie 163
Davies, Tony 94.13
Dobranski, Stephen B. 95, 95.1, 95.8
Downie, J. A. 86
Durham, Charles W. 162
Dzelzainis, Martin 94.1, 94.10
Egan, James 100, 119, 171
Ekfelt, Fred Emil 103, 104
Emma, Ronald David 97, 101
Evans, John X. 149
Fallon, Robert T. 188
Fallon, Stephen M. 93.4, 95.6
Ferguson, Margaret W. 127, 143, 144
Fish, Stanley 93.3, 110, 113, 144
Fixler, Michael 118
Flannagan, Roy 10
Fletcher, Harris F. 24, 152
Fogle, French R. 182
Fortescue, G. K. 12
French, J. Milton 30
Gardiner, S. R. 67, 68, 69
Gilman, Ernest B. 154
Gleason, John B. 181
Goldberg, Jonathan 8
Grace, William J. 189
Greaves, Richard L. 26
Griffith, Matthew 11.33
Guibbory, Achsah 161, 185
Hadfield, Andrew 165, 168
Hale, John K. 95.9, 218
Halkett, John 131
Hall, Joseph 11.22, 11.23
Haller, William 45, 46
Hamilton, Gary D. 93.14
Hamilton, K. G. 101
Healy, Thomas 42, 167
Helgerson, Richard 158, 193
Henry, Nathaniel H. 175
Hiles, Jane 162
Hill, Christopher 36 , 39, 47, 48, 49, 50, 71, 72, 216
Himy, Armand 94, 94.7
Hodgson, Elizabeth 128
Hoffman, Richard L. 190
Holmes, David 218, 220
Holstun, James 63
Huckabay, Calvin 17, 20
Hughes, Merritt Y. 9
Hunter, William B. 28, 92.10, 204, 213, 214, 217, 219
Huntley, John F. 92.3
Hutton, Ronald 79
Illo, John 135, 136
Johnson, Samuel 32
Kahn, Victoria 94.5
Kelley, Maurice 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 215
Kendrick, Christopher 140
Kerrigan, William 95.7
Klemp, Paul J. 19, 20
Knachel, Philip A. 15
Knoppers, Laura Lungers 93.12
Knott, John R. 93.9
Kolbrener, William 146
Kollmeier, Harold 25
Kranidas, Thomas 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 141
Kress, Gunther 138
Lamont, William 53, 85
Le Comte, Edward S. 92.4, 133, 177
Lejosne, Roger 94.6
L'Estrange, Sir Roger 11.34
Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer 95.4, 170, 172, 213, 221
Lieb, Michael 92, 92.2, 192
Loewenstein, David 93, 93.1, 93.10, 95.10, 155
McCabe, Richard 125
McGregor, J. F. 61
Madan, F. F. 16
Maley, Willy 165, 168
Manning, Brian 58
Masson, David 33
Merritt, J. F. 83
Miller, Leo 132, 187
Milner, Andrew 37
Miner, Earl 186
Morrill, J. S. 65
Moulin, Pierre du 11.31
Mueller, Janel 93.2, 95.2
Neumann, Joshua H. 102
New, John F. H. 54 [End Page 20]
Norbrook, David 84
Nyquist, Mary 127, 143, 144
Ohlmeyer, Jane H. 169
O'Keeffe, Timothy J. 159
Oldfield, Sybil 85
Ollard, Richard 179
Ong, Walter J. 92.9
Orgel, Stephen 8
Parker, William Riley 13, 14, 34
Patterson, Annabel 88, 93.5, 145
Patterson, Frank Allen 1
Patrick, J. Max 5
Patrides, C. A. 6, 18, 201, 202, 203, 204
Pennington, D. 76
Perlette, John M. 134
Phillips, John 153
Price, Alan F. 148
Pruitt McColgan, Kristin 162
Raylor, Timothy 43
Reay, B. 61
Richardson, R. C. 117
Rosenberg, Donald M. 121, 122
Rumrich, John P. 95, 95.1, 95.5
Russell, C. 56
S., G. 11.35, 14
Sadler, Florence 92.6
Samuel, Irene 184
Sanchez, Reuben Marquez 129, 176
Sauer, Elizabeth 95.11
Saumaise, Claude (Salmasius) 11.30
Sawday, Jonathan 42, 167
Schwartz, Regina 93.13
Sharpe , Kevin 81, 186
Shawcross, John T. 21, 22, 92, 92.5, 92.11, 213
Sherman, Sandra 147
Shullenberger, William 208
Skinner, Quentin 94, 183
Smallenburg, Harry 92.8, 139
Smectymnuus 11.25, 11.26
Smith, Nigel 64, 82, 93.6, 94.8
Speck, W. A. 86
Stanwood, P. G. 161
Stapleton, Laurence 200
Stavely, Keith W. 99
Sterne, Laurence 25
Stevens, D. H. 23
Stevens, Paul 166
Stewart, Stanley 174
Stone, Lawrence 77
Strong, Roy 156
Thomas, Keith 76
Treip, Mindele 108
Trevor-Roper, H. R. 51, 52, 182
Tudor-Craig, Pamela 179
Turner, James Grantham 80, 93, 93.1, 93.15
Tuttle, Elizabeth 94.4
Tweedie, Fiona 218, 220
Tyacke, Nicholas 56, 57
Underdown, David E. 74, 75
Via, John A. 123
Von Maltzahn, Nicholas 94.12, 178
Wallace, Dewey D. 60
Watson, George 105
Webber, Joan 112
Wilding, Michael 142
Williams, Arnold 175
Wilson, A. N. 35
Wittreich, Joseph Anthony 92.1, 95.13, 137
Wolfe, Don M. 2, 40
Woodhouse, A. S. P. 44
Woods, Susanne 93.11
Woolrych, Austin 78, 92.7, 179
Worden, Blair 94.9
Zaller, Robert 26
Zwicker, Stephen N. 186